Encapsulation

Our discussion of classes and objects is integral to us using object-oriented programming. Object-oriented programming stands on four pillars: abstraction, encapsulation, inheritance, and polymorphism.

Encapsulation

Encapsulation is the bundling of related data and behaviors that operate on that data, usually with restricted access to internal, non-public data and behaviors. In object-oriented programming, classes and objects allow us to encapsulate, or isolate, data and behavior to only the parts of our program to which they are relevant. Restricting access allows us to expose only that data and behavior that we want others to be able to use.

Let’s take a look at this by developing a new class called Student.

Student Class

Fields

We previously defined a field as a variable, or piece of data, that belongs to a class. For our Student class, let’s think about the data that is typically associated with a student (in the sense of a high school or college student). There are a lot of possibilities, but here are the most important:

1. Name
2. Student ID
3. Number of credits
4. GPA

In order to declare these fields within our class, we’ll need to determine the best data type for each. A field may be of any primitive or object type. In this case, the following types will work best:

1. Name: string
2. Student ID: int
3. Number of credits: int
4. GPA: double

Let’s put these inside of a class. While they may be declared anywhere within a class, fields should always be declared at the top of the class. When we’re ready to add methods, we’ll add them below the fields.

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   public class Student 
   {
      string name;
      int studentId;
      int numberOfCredits;
      double gpa;
   }

Like variables within a method, fields may be initialized when they are declared. For example, we could provide default values for numberOfCredits and gpa (default values for name and studentId don’t make sense since they should be different for each student).

   int numberOfCredits = 0;
   double gpa = 0.0;

Class members default to private if no access modifier is provided. This means that our Student fields are inaccessible to code outside of the Student class. As a rule-of-thumb, fields should always be private unless you have a very, very, very good reason to not make them so. As we mention on the previous page, it is best practice to think carefully about what access to give fields and methods. So, let’s explicitly declare our fields to be private.

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   public class Student 
   {
      private string name;
      private int studentId;
      private int numberOfCredits = 0;
      private double gpa = 0.0;
   }

Getters and Setters

In order to provide access to private fields, getter and setter methods are used. Getters and setters do what you might guess: get and set a given field. If we make the getter and/or setter method for a given property public, then others will be able to access or modify the field in that way.

Here is a getter/setter pair for name (you can imagine how the others would be written).

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   private string name;

   public string Name
   {
      get { return name; }
      set { name = value; }
   }

Here, within get and set, name refers to the private field that stores the value of the property. In set, the special variable value will contain the value that the user is trying to set within the property.

We can then get or set the value of Name anywhere else (since it’s public) using dot-notation:

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   Student josh = new Student();

   // set the Name
   josh.Name = "Josh";

   // get the Name
   Console.WriteLine(josh.Name);

When you use properties in this way, the get/set methods are called implicitly when assigning or reading the property.

An astute question to ask at this point would be, “Why make the fields private if you’re just going to allow people to get and set them anyway!?” Great question. There are lots of reasons to use getters and setters to control access. Here are just a few:

1. Getters and setters allow you to implement behavior that happens every time a field is accessed (get) or changed (set). For example, you may want track the number of times a change is made to a field. With a private field and setter method, this can be done simply by incrementing a counter variable (e.g. i++.) With a publicly available field, the steps to track its changes would be much more diffuse, if not error-prone.
2. You can perform validation within a setter. For example, we might want to ensure that a student’s name contains only certain characters, or that their student ID is positive.
3. You can use different access modifiers on getters and setters for the same field, based on desired usage. For example, you might want to allow anyone to be able to read the value of a field, but only classes within the same assembly to modify it. You could do this with a public getter and an internal setter, but not as a field without getters and setters, which could only be public to everyone or internal to everyone.

To set access levels on accessors so that they are different than the access level of the property, use an access modifier next to get or set. Here’s how we would make Name readable by everyone, but modifiable only by code within the class’s assembly. Note that the get accessor does not have an access modifier in front of it and therefore it will have the same public access as the property Name.

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   private string name;

   public string Name
   {
      get { return name; }
      internal set { name = value; }
   }

As an example of setter validation, let’s take a short detour to look at a Temperature class. A valid temperature can only be so low (“absolute zero”), so we wouldn’t want to allow somebody to set an invalid value. In set, we throw an exception if an invalid value is provided (we’ll cover exceptions in detail later, but for now note that they are ways of signaling errors).

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   public class Temperature 
   {

      private double fahrenheit;

      public double Fahrenheit
      {
         get
         {
            return fahrenheit;
         }

        set
        {
            double absoluteZeroFahrenheit = -459.67;

            if (value < absoluteZeroFahrenheit) 
            {
               throw new ArgumentException("Value is below absolute zero");
            }

            fahrenheit = value;
         }
      }
   }

Properties

A property in C# is a characteristic that users can set. Most often, properties will correspond directly to a private backing field, but they don’t have to. Let’s look at an example of a property that doesn’t directly correspond to a field. If we wanted to add a Celsius property to the Temperature class above, we might do it as follows:

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   public double Celsius
   {
      get { return (Fahrenheit - 32) * 5.0 / 9.0; }
      set { Fahrenheit = value * 9.0 / 5.0 + 32; }
   }

Since there’s a link between Fahrenheit and Celsius, we want to make sure that when one is updated, so is the other. In this case, we only store one field value (fahrenheit) and make the appropriate calculation when getting or setting the Celsius property.

Auto-Implemented Properties

If a field has both a public getter and setter, and no additional logic is needed, we can use the shorthand:

   public string Name { get; set; }

This is referred to as an auto-implemented property. When a property is auto-implemented, the compiler creates a private field that can only be accessed through the property’s get and set accessors.

Note that in this example, the private field is name (lowercase) while the property is Name. Since C# identifiers are case-sensitive, these are two distinct members. name is referred to as a backing field, and it stores the value of the property.

At this point you may be asking yourself, why would I use an auto-implemented property instead of just making a field public? It comes down to properties being more flexible to change in the future, such as changing the acceesibility of only the getter or setter, and more capable when used in your user interface through data binding, which we will explore more in later chapters.

Using properties, getters/setters, and fields, we can encapsulate the information we need in our student class.

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